Formal Sales Process in Small and Medium Size Enterprise (SME) Essay

Introduction History and evolution of formal sales process Formal sales process refers to sales strategies that provide organization sales management with the direction on how to ensure effective and efficient sales. The process can also refer to the steps taken by the management to ensure satisfaction of customers buying process in a more successful way. Notably, formal sales   process allow companies especially Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to enhance their competitive advantage, and ensure effective sales by teaching sales teams how to succeed. The sales process dates back to ancient times but for the purpose of this study I will be focusing on post World War Two. It is surprising that there is little research on the history and development of the sales process as sales are vital to the survival of business. The earlier sales process models stem from the behavioral model AIDA (Awareness, Interest, Desire and Action) attributed to E. St. Elmo Lewis in 1898.   This was developed to help guide the sales force (Kotler 1999; Sheth and Sharma 2008). The sales process is inextricably linked to the buying process, which has developed significantly over the decades. It has changed from a transactional activity into a strategic supply chain function looking to add value to the business (Axelsson and Wynstra 2002; Cousins and Spekman 2003; Ketchen and Hult 2007). Through the development of the sales process there have been three key changes. The first is the development of the ‘seven steps of selling’ (Dubrinsky 1980) which is based on the AIDA model. The second is the ‘evolving selling process’ (Moncrief and Marshall 2005) which expands on Dubrinsky’s model and brings it up to date, with the advent of the internet and changes in the buying process. Third is ‘value based selling’ (Rackman and DeVincentis 1998) which analyses each element of the sales process, with specific focus on the buyer’s ‘problem’ and the real ‘implications’ of the problem. This model provides focus to the sales process into adding value to the customer. In their report, Davies et al, highlight the fact that ‘no-one was measuring true sales ability’ and goes on to study the behaviors and skill set of sales professionals. Regarding measurement, Sharma said ‘what gets measured gets improved’ which start to address the critical issues of visibility and what to measure. Neely states, ‘an organization need to identify an appropriate set of measures to assess their performance’ (Neely 2007; p149).   Regarding behavior, Covey (1999) talks about responsibility and accountability which is a critical area of any sales process, be it formal or not. Weather, or not, an organization has a sales process, the world, and customers, are changing and the approach to sales has to change to ensure complacency does not set in (Kotter 1996). The culture and management of an organization will also impact the sales process, and vice versa, in positive and negative ways (Handy 1991). Womack and Jones (2003) are pioneers in lean thinking and believe manufacturing processes and the elimination of waste can be transferred into the back office side of the business including sales. One of the key themes that have surfaced from initial reading is that sales is a process, which needs to be followed, measured and improved to help increase the sales funnel, or pipeline, in order to grow sales (Miller and Heiman 1994; Zoltners, Sinha and Lorimer 2004; Thull 2010; McClay 2010). Porter (2004) believes that when working with customers it is important to add value and create a competitive advantage. In addition to this, Doyle suggests that the sales process can add value and create competitive advantage, which will ‘contribute to achieving the company’s objectives of growth and profitability though meeting the needs of the customers’ (Doyle 2002: p.2).   When a formal sales process has been implemented, there is much evidence to support that the sales process should be aligned to the sales strategy and to the company strategy (Kaplan and Norton 2006; Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2008; De Wit and Meyer 2010). In contradiction to the majority, Adamson, Dixon and Toman (2013) challenge the need for a formal sales process and believe the sales function’s approach should be based on insight and judgment. Effects of a formal sales process on an SME and its people Selling is a communal as well as a business activity and can be defined quite simply as â€Å"making a sale† underpinned by several strategies and personal skills across a range of tasks and promotion situations (TAS Group, 2014). The sales task within a business is accountable for the vital creation of revenues, delivers financial stimuli and forms the fundamental connection between a business and its customers (McClay, 2010; Moncrieff and Marshall 2005). Moreover, business dealings rely on persons and more so how they transact with customers, making the buyer-seller edge a highly capricious interface. On the other hand, formal sales process is the sales strategies that provide the sales management force with the direction on how to sell.   It is the process that allow companies especially Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to scale their sale force by teaching sales teams how to succeed. According to Johnson et al (2006), formal sales process provides the sales management team with a framework from which to manage and enable measurement and continuous improvement of the sales force performance. More specifically, a formal sales process enables sales managers maintain control over specific sales behaviors as dictated by the system adopted in Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs).   Formal sales processes in the SMEs context help sales management teams. They also help managers understand which measures should be adopted for understanding prospecting, qualifying and performance measurement. Additionally, formal sales processes enable sales managers learn how to replicate good behaviors and eliminate undesirable ones besides recognizing problems before they turn to be major roadblocks (Lii, 2011). If there is one component of the selling system that is most taken for granted is the sales process. Although executives spend some of their times forming strategies, developing   entrepreneurial skills and measuring performance   of their employees, they hardly strategize on the formal sales process; that is the activities their salespeople must execute to   shift an activity from lead generation to closure (Lii, 2011). In a broad spectrum, the sales process, be it be formal or informal is the backbone of any sales force.   According to Lii (2011), the formal sales process is selling strategy, which was introduced to facilitate a sell-aside process in sells concerning public mergers and acquisition context. Moreover, the sales process is a much more advantageous in the sales process involving Small and Medium Enterprises’ and is quite distinct from the traditional means of executing sales.   Notably, for a sales process to be termed as good and successful, the right steps at the right time should be initiated and adopted within the Small and Medium Enterprises   vicinity as well as   making the right decisions. As argued by Blair (2005), for the formal process to work in the SMEs, the sales management team should work  Ã‚   tirelessly to keep the correct movement in track. This owes to the fact that without a good flow in selling and buying for the prospective customers to follow and for the sales management team to follow, the sales will remain to be low and potential customers may look elsewhere (Blair, 2005). Formal sales process allows SMEs to scales its sales force by teaching its sales people how to success. Contrary to the informal process that is normally adopted by many and characterized by unorganized techniques, formal sales process in SMEs measures and manages the sales force. Consequently, Sales management teams understand this and strive to develop standard operating strategies for their workforce to follow hence the formal sales process (Johnson et al., 2006). Essentially, the nature of sales process has critically changed. Sales organizations are being reinvented to better address the needs of the changing marketplaces. More evidently, there are different drivers of change in diverse sales organizations that have been identified in reinventing sales organizations and are perceived to help an organization compete successfully in today’s selling environment. With the use of the formal sales process, different Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have realized a measurable change in the levels of sales they acquire. The formal sales process has enabled SMEs to build long-term relationships with their customers. According to (Dar, 2006),this is because formal sales process is a structured line of attack that enables time-to-time assessment of customer’s value hence focusing on the high- priority customers. Secondly, formal sales process aids in creating sales organizational structures that are more nimble and adaptable to the needs of different customer groups. It is in this perspective that formal sales process is beneficial in that it enables Small and Medium Enterprises’ (SMEs) compete well in the entire markets when willing to customize   their sales efforts to meet their customers preferred ways of doing business (Adamson et al., (2013). In addition, in the modern markets; especially SMEs related markets, flexibility which is important to the formal sales process is viewed as an asset, which can determine the level of sales. Thirdly, according to Dar (2006), with the adoption of formal sales process, SMEs gain greater job ownership and commitment from sales management team. Moreover, this is only accomplished when the formal sales team removes functional barriers within the sales organization more so by leveraging the teams experience as a whole. More importantly,   formal sales process helps shift the sales management style from commanding to coaching. In this, the sales management team and managers create a conducive environment that allows the sales team uses their talents and abilities to secure, build and maintain relationships with the profitable customers. Davis et al (2011) discuss that for the formal sales process to work efficiently and yield the desired results, the management style has to change. Nevertheless, the other visible formal sales impact on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is that formal sales process enables leveraging of the available technology for the success of the sales management team ( Dar, 2006). For instance, formal sales have greatly changed the traditional (informal) sales process in that, its adoption leads to adoption of technological tools. Therefore, sales teams that use the available technology well have a strong competitive edge over others. Consequently, firms globally are investing millions of money in technological advancement in the sales sector to help improve their sales performance. Finally, According to Hayes, (2003), the integration of the formal sales process in then SMEs sales platform encourages the acceptance of better integration mechanisms for sales-team performance evaluations.  Ã‚   Essentially, a real weakness of the informal sales process in the verge of the Small and Medium Enterprises SMEs is on how to evaluate and ultimately reward the sales personnel. However, the use and integration of the formal sales process has solved these problems and instead provided well-marked evaluation strategies hence bringing a positive image of the SMEs and works successfully as a strategy for sales Different sales processes A sales process or strategy is not all about closing business deals; it is about defining a sales process that vividly reflects the image of the organization or firm, the firm’s customers, the products or services it offers and the solution that it offers in the market. By truly understanding its customers and by desiring to solve its customer’s problems, a business can plan to execute a sales process that will accelerate the likelihood of reaching its ultimate goal (Sales educators, 2006). According to the sales educators (2006), there is no specific best way to conduct the sales process. A company’s personality and the sales team desire to achieve as well as the firm’s background determines the type of sales technique that best suits its sales endeavors ( Porter, 2004).   Even though every company in the corporate world has its own sales methodologies, it is always advised that trying different sales processes is healthier. This is because new sales methods keep a company out of rut and may even work better than expected. Therefore, many salespersons even those operating in the B2B environment use a combination of different approaches (Rackman & DeVincentis, 1998). The different sale processes mostly utilized by different sales teams include; older takers, inside sales, outside sales, the guru, the consultant, the networker, the hard seller and active sales among others. Most importantly, every sales process is aimed at increasing the sales to the current customers and finding new ones. However, different businesses and organizations deploy numerous sales processes with shockingly ineffective results. In some cases, when sales management teams use more than one sales process, customers are to same point confused by the different methods of every firm and probably cross selling is limited (Neely, 2007). Sales processes vary significantly according to how much a seller adapts to different selling situations and how much the selling team adapts to customer encounters during the entire sells encounter. According to Neely (2007), among the best sales processes or approaches are the problems solving models, needs satisfaction and consultative selling. Among the three mentioned types of selling processes, in terms of rethinking the sells process, researchers endorse their use to fit any situation on the ground. Neely (2006) argues that consultative selling process is appropriate when the customer is willing to share strategic priorities with the seller and sees the seller as being capable of supporting the customer’s strategic initiatives. Universally, every business is inimitable, hence it should have exceptional sales process to sell service and manage different customers under diverse conditions (Kotter, 1996). Therefore, sales researchers including sales managers across the world are disturbed by the question on whether business should adopt generic sales processes or implement and strengthen a specific sales strategy.   Since business aim at working with the most profitable strategies, studies prove that nonspecific approaches are demanding and possess numerous demerits that include; lack of custom customer profile, lack of metrics that matter, and its association with inflexible business management approaches among others (Johnson et al., 2008). Therefore, sales process needs to be specific. How a formal sales process can improve performance and competitive advantage? According to Thull, (2010), sales process is one of the most components of the selling system that for many decades has been abandoned by many Small and Medium Enterprises (SME). The author eludes that failure to effectively execute a well established formal sales process acts as an impediment to performance and successes of the organization. As a matter of fact, sales process is a vital component in an organization that if well implemented can lead to enhanced competitive advantage and performance or an organization. TAS Group, (2014), affirms that sales process is the backbone of an organization and should not be overlooked at any cost. Notably, most sales managers in many organizations spend most of the time coming up with strategies, building tools, measuring performance and developing skills (Rackman and DeVincentis, 1998). Nevertheless, the author affirms that only a few organizations consider and ensure effective implementation of a well established and organized formal sales process. A sales process in this case is regarded as series of task that must be undertaken by salespeople within an organization to tap and generate opportunities from the lead to closure (Thull, 2010). In a broad spectrum, sales process is an essential component of any sales force in an organization and if carefully and effectively implemented can impact on the success of the organization even in a highly competitive business environment (Thull, 2010). According to Rackman and DeVincentis, (1998), overlooking sales process within an organization hinders sales performance and output even though the organization sales executive have laid down well established sales strategy, tools, skills and metrics in place. Without doubts, this implies that effective of formal sales process implementation in a SME is a strategy of enhancing the performance or the company (Rackman and DeVincentis, 1998). More importantly, sales process can be used to improve the competitive advantage of an organization especially when the process is aligned properly with the customer’s target. In this case, effective alignment of the two lead to enhanced competitive advantage through creation of a world class sales force (TAS Group, 2014).   Performance of an organization is enhanced by the sales process in the sense that the process provides mechanisms of measuring performance. According to Rackman and DeVincentis, (1998), an organization has nothing to measure if it does not have a process.   The author adds that it is difficult improve organization performance if there are no mechanisms of measuring the current performance. Ultimately, sales process is undoubtedly an effective component in an organization to stir performance as it provides mechanism of determining the current performance of the organization and propose changes that need to be effected to improve the performance in the long run.   Essentially, the sales process is critical in SME as it provides a logical framework with various activities, milestones and targets that are used to measure performance (TAS Group, 2014). In this case, an organization which effectively implements sales process is likely to have improved performance. Use of diverse measure in the process of sales process such as calls reports by the salespersons are vital in ensuring they work hard and thus improve the overall performance of the Small Medium Enterprises. According to TAS Group, (2014), the major focus to enhance the organization performance and competitive advantage is simply ensuring effective alignment; implementation and renewal of sales process faster and efficiently than other competitors. Sales process in some way behaves like manufacturing process. In this case, improving sales productivity within a SME, various measures must be put in place stating from the initial sales stage to the end point (TAS Group, 2014). Development of measures ensures that the sales process adopted and implemented by a particular organization is able to address all the need and expectations of the customers through effective alignment of the buying and selling processes. The process of formal sales in SME can never be undermined owing in mind that the process aims to ensure a close relationship between the buyers and the sellers through the use of salespersons. Creation and maintenance of a good relationship between the two parties is imperative as it ensure the needs, concerns and expectation of the buyers are addressed in time and thus result to loyalty (Thull, 2010). This in turn helps to improve the performance of an organization since there will be enhanced sales volume. The presence and implementation of formal sales process is evidently a vital component in ensuring organization have close contact with their customers including prospective customers. In a broad spectrum, development of an effective relationship and alignment of the buying and selling process is crucial in ensuring customer’s loyalty. In this regard, improved customer’s loyalty creates confidence to the organization in terms of increased sales volume and thus enhanced competitive advantage compared to its rivals (Thull, 2010).   In addition, the relationship helps the organization to work harder to ensure maximum satisfaction of the customers need and concerns through addressing various challenges facing the process and discovering opportunities that may arise. This also helps to improve the performance and competitive advantage of organizations especially Small and Medium Enterprises. Essentially, sales process aims to ensure an effective alignment of the salesperson’s selling process with the customer’s buying process. Effective alignment of the two processes is vital to organizations as it ensures needs and expectations of the customers or rather the buyers are met in every step of the buying process. In addition, the alignment leads to an effective and efficient sale in the long run hence improved performance (Porter, 2004).Similarly, if the customer’s needs and expectations are carefully addressed through the sales process, it is more likely that the competitor will not have the opportunity to entice the same buyer to turn to their organization in this way, sales process helps to enhance competitive advantage of Small and Medium Enterprises (Porter, 2004). A critical assessment of how a sales process aligns with a customer buying process According to Davis et al, (2011), sales have two different sale view points, that is, the seller’s and the buyer’s perspective. However, the two sale point differs based on their importance. The buyer’s perspective is more essential compared to the seller’s point of view due to the fact that satisfaction of the buyers is the utmost objective of the sales process. Davis et al, (2011), affirms that organizations have to ensure diverse initiatives and means to ensure satisfaction of the buyers needs and expectations as their purchasing power depend wholly on their perception on organization’s effort to ensure satisfaction (TAS Group, 2014). The buying and selling process are mirror images of each other. Notably, buying process refers to the various steps that current customers use to identify and fulfill their need and expectations (Zoltners et al, 2004). Buying process may vary in time based on the type of product or services a customer want to purchase. However, being short or long, the work of a seller is to ensure buyer or rather customer satisfaction in every step. On the other hand, selling or sales processing is simply the steps or activities that are undertaken by sellers to ensure accomplishment of buyer’s goals, needs and expectations. According to Handy, (1991), buying and sales processes are mirror image of each other in an effective sale.   The two processes align together in that they usually start together and end together having common steps or activities between them. According to Kaplan and Norton, (2006), successful alignment of sales or selling process with the buying process in as essential component within an organization especially SME as it ensure effective and efficient sales. The author affirms that the alignment is based on the way the buyer go from one step to another (buying process), as fast as possible with the aim to find goods and services that satisfy their needs and expectations from the seller, while the seller undertakes and closes all steps with the aim to meet customers or rather buyer’s need throughout the process (Handy, 1991). Dubinsky, (1980/81), suggests that when selling and buying process work together, the result is that sales will be successful and efficient and most importantly, the expectations and the needs of the buyer will be met. In broad spectrum, the alignment of buying and sales process tends to ensure that every step of buying process correspond to a particular step of the sales or the selling process (Dubinsky, 1980/81).   The figure below illustrate how the customer’s buying and salesperson selling processes are aligned to ensure satisfaction of buyers at every step and ensure effective and efficient sales within and organization over a given period of time. Aligning buying and selling processes Customer’s buying process    Salesperson selling process    However, if there is no close relationship between the two process (customers’ buying and salespersons selling processes), the entire sales process is likely to be inefficient and ineffective. In this regard, the expectations and needs of the customers will not be fully met by the salespersons. According to Kaplan and Norton, (2006), sellers should be keen during sales process to ensure they do not omit any step or in other words ensure every buying process step correspond with a particular selling process step. According to Kaplan and Norton, (2006), misaligning the two processes has greater negative impacts to an organization. For instance, omitting a particular step in the sales process that is aimed to correspond to a particular step in the customer’s buying process means that specific need and expectations of the buyers will not be met. This in turn interpret that the customers will turn to other organizations that keen in addressing their needs thus losing their competitive advantage and lead to decline in performance (Dubinsky, 1980/81). Critical assessment of alignment of customer’s buying process and the salespersons selling process brings out the need for SME to adopt and implement an effective sales process within their organization to ensure they meet their customers need and enhance sale, competitive advantage and performance in the long run (Kaplan and Norton, 2006).    Factors to consider when designing, or redesigning, a formal sales process and to make recommendations to the owners of an SME Traditionally, the sales departments have operated informally, with each sales person acting in their distinct ways that in most cases are non-documented, personally derived and non-measured. With the current escalating competition in terms of sales, price war and technological development and design of new and redesign of the existing formal sales processes is inevitable. In response to these forces, small and medium size enterprises need to plan, implement and control their personal contacts programs in order to achieve sales and profit motives of the firms. Designing of formal sale process is a complex and critical undertaking that requires careful scrutiny and a logical examination in its development since it is core in the success of a business (Rickman and DeVincentis, 1998). The going concern of a business entity largely relies on the effectiveness and operativeness of the sales processes in place. Small and medium size enterprises exist with a view to making profit and there fore effort should be made to ensure that they remain competitive and retain a reputable status in the market. Due to, the fragility and sensitivity of formal sales process design and redesign, several factors should be put into considerations in order to safeguard the successful life of the firms. For instance, competencies and skills available in the firm, encompasses the qualification and experience of employees especially management and the Sales department staff. For example the less experienced low level manager spend most time in staffing, monitoring and giving directives to salespersons. The top managers on the other hand, are generally concerned with complex issues of planning, budgeting organizing and coordinating sale strategies with other objectives of small and medium size enterprises. The new design should accommodate the available skill and technology. In the event of limitation of the part of staff qualification, it is worthy to reconsider redesigning the sales strategies, to make them possible to implement operate and eventually achieve the objectives set by the management.   According to Lodato (2006), business sale strategies should be implemented with efficiency with the sole priority of increasing sale despite the completion from rivals. Further more, a look at the geographical coverage and the nature of clients helps determine the correct direction to take. Expansion of business to include a wide coverage necessitates redesigns of sale s process to incorporate the needs and worried of new clients explored. This is through studying and examining their lifestyles, culture and believes and the consumption behavior (Tas Group, 2014).The formal redesign will be there fore necessary in as a way of reinforcing new ways of behavior. Additionally, the sales price and the customers’ economic status should be put into attention. It is worth noting that people consumption pattern entirely depends upon their social economic position and the value of goods and services offered in the market. Visions of the firm should not be trodded underfoot in the process of designing and redesigning the firm’s formal sale process. The necessity of vision and plan in implementation of firms’ objectives is immense (Porter, 2004), Incorporating the vision of the firms is instrumental in determining whether or not the existing strategies are sufficient or not and the need to streamline them to preserve attractive culture of internal work. Solely adding more marketing and sales people is not sufficient .however it should be back up by the firms operational capabilities may produce sale revues needed to increase continuous growth and improvement. Other issue to reflect in designing of formal sales process (FSP) is the workers’ motivation. The current level of employee’s inspiration should be assessed and its effectiveness determined. According to Lauby (2005), motivated workers are highly productive compared to their counterparts irrespective of the qualification and skills possessed. There for the factor that drives employees to their peak performances are determined, followed by implementation of the motivation program. Since not every employee is motivated by the same thing, there is need to include diverse programs ranging from bonus pools individual recognition rewards and group performance acknowledgment. This makes workers feel appreciated for the job well done (Lauby, 2005, p.291) With a view to improving the sale level with business organizations, the manager and owner need to make realignment and readjusted of the operations within the entity and incorporate mechanisms to link product buying process and formal sales process. Majorly, emphasizing on the competence of sales and marketing staff to ensure the easy and efficient implementation of developed marketing strategies at all level of business operations. Recruiting personnel with high qualification that met the current market demands and cope with the stiff competition. The owners should use this as a competitive advantage to maintain their status and reputation. Additionally they ought to explore the nature of their customers with respect to culture, social economic and consumption behavior and pattern especially in new markets discovered. Moreover, the owners should institute programs aimed at motivating the workers. Establishing individual and group recognition reward will make employees feel acknowledged for their work well done and as a result stimulate their peak performance. References Adamson, B., Dixon, M., and Toman, N., 2013. Dismantling the Sales Machine. Harvard   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Business Review Axelsson, B., and Wynstra, F., 2002. Buying Business Services. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ltd. Blair, C. (2005). Four characters of selling: Speak the way your buyers listen, listen the way   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   your buyers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   speak. 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Beowulf: Sigemund Episode Essay

One of the best literary devices the author of Beowulf uses is the use of episodes and digressions. Each of these episodes and digressions tell another story apart from the main plot of Beowulf, but sets up an introduction to the main plot. One such episode, the Sigemund episode, tells of valiant King Sigemund who received glory and honor through his killing of the dragon and possession of the hoard. Sigemund became a noble and experienced king, only to be betrayed and brought to his downfall. Beowulf was much the same as Sigemund, and both were great examples of heroes. The Sigemund episode introduces a comparison to Beowulf, foreshadows Beowulf’s downfall, and parallels the irony of Beowulf’s shortcomings. As we see in the following lines: â€Å"Sigemund’s name was known everywhere. / He was utterly valiant and venturesome, / a fence round his fighters and flourished therefore† (897-898), the author introduces Sigemund as an excellent comparison to Beowulf. The author uses the Sigemund episode to set up a better understanding of the character of Beowulf by describing a king much like himself. This allows the reader to understand the character of Beowulf and know what a noble and valiant character he was. The author presents Sigemund as a brave warrior who defeated the dragon, much like the victorious warrior that Beowulf was. And within the Sigemund episode, Heremod is introduced as a wicked king, an exact opposite of Sigemund and Beowulf. This allows the reader to compare the three kings, and promote Beowulf as a noble king such as Sigemund. Another purpose of the Sigemund episode within Beowulf is to foreshadow Beowulf’s defeat and downfall. Sigemund is a noble and mighty king, but is led to his defeat in the following lines: â€Å"†¦ The king was betrayed, ambushed in Jutland, overpowered / and done away with† (901-903). This defeat of Sigemund foreshadows Beowulf’s defeat and death during the battle with the dragon. As Sigemund and Beowulf are both valiant kings, they both are led to their failure and death. This part of the Sigemund episode gives the reader a glimpse of what is to come for Beowulf in the rest of the poem. From this episode, the author uses irony that Beowulf will become a great and mighty king, but also will come face to face with his destruction. The author uses this irony to connect the characters of Sigemund and Beowulf. Not only does the Sigemund episode foreshadow the downfall of Beowulf, but it also sets up a choice that Beowulf has to make. Beowulf has to either chose to be like Sigemund, a courageous and noble king, or take the path of Heremod, an evil king. This gives the reader a sense of uncertainty of the choice Beowulf will make. As the reader, the choice that Beowulf will make is obvious, but this is a huge choice of character for Beowulf. It gives a chance for Beowulf to prove his character, and allows the reader to understand the trustworthiness of Beowulf once he does chose to be a noble king. Among the various episodes and digressions within Beowulf, Sigemund’s episode sets up the best foreshadowing of Beowulf’s life. In all, Sigemund’s episode clues the reader in with what type of character Beowulf is. Sigemund is the perfect comparison to Beowulf, and this allows the reader to expect what is to come for Beowulf. Sigemund’s hymn apart from the main plot of Beowulf accomplished the task of introducing and setting up the destiny for Beowulf.

Violence Involving Weapons

The Board of Education has removed the principal of the troubled Martin Luther King Jr. High School after a spate of violence involving weapons at the school. Most recently, on Friday, a student sneaked a knife into the bustling five-story building and threatened another student. The removal of the principal, Ronald Williams Wells, came almost three weeks after a crush of students, teachers and administrators dashed from the building and for cover in classrooms when a man shot two students in what appeared to be a dispute over a girl. The school is at West 66th Street and Amsterdam Avenue, a block from Lincoln Center. On Friday, two students were arrested after one student displayed a folding knife during an argument. He passed it to a second student after security officers arrived to break up the fight. The first student sneaked the knife into the building by passing it inside a book bag through the school's weapons scanner. Martin Luther King school officials did not call th! e Board of Education until hours later, said Catie Marshall. The Board of Education requires school administrators to call the board's emergency information center immediately after such incidents. During an investigation into the timing of the report, Tony Sawyer, the Manhattan high school superintendent, removed Mr. Wells Ms. Marshall said. The New York Post first reported the dismissal yesterday. Mr. Wells has been replaced by Steve Gutman, a 36-year veteran of the system who retired in September but came back to the board at Mr. Sawyer's request. Mr. Wells's new assignment has not been announced. After the Jan. 5 shootings, Mr. Wells came under criticism for not being at work. He was on duty with the National Guard that day. Schools Chancellor Harold O. Levy, who toured the building after the shooting, found that some people who were not enrolled in courses were carrying photo identification cards. The school has had its share of trouble in the nearly three decades since it opened. Efforts to improve the curriculum have faltered, and principals have quit. Next year, the school – which is large, with about 3,000 students – will be divided into two smaller academies. The removal of a principal cannot be seen as having fixed the problem,† said C. Virginia Fields, the Manhattan borough president, who is a member of the task force working to phase out the old school. â€Å"There is much work to be done. We need to address safety and security, as well as other concerns that have been raised, including academics and student selection. † My opinion on the whole thing is that the school made the right decision to remove the princible from the school. For one reason what if something happened again like Columbine. That would not be good.

Communities of practice and their contribution to organisational Essay

Communities of practice and their contribution to organisational learning - Essay Example According to Jeanand Etienne (1991, p21), learning is not dependent on whether the learner and the teacher has a common code and in most cases only requires a congruent participation of both the one seeking knowledge and the source in the same activities. Once different professionals within an organization come together, whether in a formal alliance (team) or informally, they are able to collaborate on projects and this increases productivity. For instance, if one professional has something they want to do, like if instance a project, they can bring together their resources, that is, knowledge and skills, to work on that project. Most of the collaborations within an organization are actually informal and the members are usually in the group because they enjoy working together and sharing ideas. In fact, according to Hasanali et al (2002, p.59), most organizations don not assess the usefulness of communities of practice until after the communities have set themselves and manifested th emselves in a good way. When employees within an organization come together to collaborate on projects, they are better able to share knowledge, skills and ideas. Apart from being able to deliver better work efficiently, collaboration in a firm is one of the most effective methods to manage an organization’s knowledge base. As the employees within the same domain of practice share information and pass on skills, they are more able to guarantee that the knowledge of the organization will remain in the organization. This can happen across all the departments of an organization as long as the collaboration is within one domain of profession. As Etienne (1998, p.4), says, such participation in collaborative teams defines what people do as well who we become and how we interact with what we do.? this is why communities of practice are so crucial within the organization as a tool to manage the organizational knowledge. At the same time, as Etienne et al, (2002, p.17), argued, commu nities of sharing are remarkably efficient implementing corporate strategy in the organization by bringing their ideas together. Experience sharing Within an organization, sharing experience is one of the ways in which communities of practice pass on their benefits to each other. This is probably one of the best forms of informal apprenticeship within an organization. One employee who is carrying out a project will be able to seek experience from others who have in the past achieved it. Again, this can also happen in any of the organization’s department and employees will benefit from the experience of others. For instance, if an employee is supposed to carry out some tasks such as advising a client on the best product to meet his needs, the employee can seek, among his or her community of practice in the organization, an individual who has done this in the past and then enlist their help. As the employee gets help from the other individual they will also be able to learn a l ot about the project they are carrying out. Reusing assets This refers to the fact that the individuals within a community of practice can and do use intellectual and knowledge assets that have already been made by members of the community of practice within the organization. For instance, if one accountant within an organiz

Strategic management and leadership (Royal Dutch Shell plc) Essay

Strategic management and leadership (Royal Dutch Shell plc) - Essay Example Before assessing a business performance indicator, it is important to delve into the ambiance so that a causal analysis may be put forward. This is called understanding the environment. It helps in establishing what-leads-to-what in a more objective way. Royal Dutch Shell p.l.c like all other multinationals is prone to such variable. According to Ben Van Beurden, CEO Shell, 2013-2014 remains tumultuous years for the company (Ben, 2014). The main variables that were held responsible for swerving performance of the company were related to law and order of their business countries. The operating environments which Royal Dutch Shell p.l.c had to face were confronted by deteriorating security situation. Citing Asia and Africa the CEO outlined that a depression was seen lower demand and an oversupply of global refining capacity. 2013 was the year which performed below the potential company has. Lack of competitiveness in capital efficiency and day to day operational performance was seen, as acknowledged by Ben in 2014 CEO Review note. The strategy in theory remains robust and calls for a change in focus only. Ben is of the view that improving cash flow performance and returns must be taken as challenge so that company’s strategy may emerge as sure success (Jeong, 2014). To an answer to how, Ben states that focus should be kept on: Dismal performance in 2012 and 2013 brought a paradigm shift in company’s plans for divestment and new acquisitions. This does not mean that Royal Dutch Shell p.l.c has not been able to perform at all. It means that company is gearing up to realign itself with current market forces and business environments. An abrupt response to the performance in 2012-13 has proven maturity of the company’s leadership. In 2013, earnings fell from $27 billion to $17 billion, and the net cash flow from operating activities went down from $46

Spirtual care in nursing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spirtual care in nursing - Article Example In phase 2, they used unstructured focus group interviews to allow the participants to expand on their responses from the questionnaire. The questionnaire was validated by a multidisciplinary palliative care committee, who deemed it appropriate for use. Allen S. and smith maintained a clear audit trail through the journaling technique. There was a correlation between the questionnaire and the focus group data. Ethics approval consent was sought from the University Ethics Committee. Permission was also granted from the hospital’s ethics committee in the rural facility. In addition, the participants were assured of independence and confidentiality, and they gave a written consent. In the analysis and discussion of the results four major themes emerged: understanding spirituality, assessment of spirituality, difficulties and education. Also, study limitations emerged. A focus group interview was not appropriate data collection method to use in the study. This was evident from the responses in the focus groups that the meaning of spirituality was inconsistent based on the individual understanding and belief. Also, the questionnaire did not provide an opportunity to give examples of spiritual care. According to the journal article, it is important for the health workers to realize the spirituality as an important component in delivering nursing care in any setting. Smyth, T, & Allen, S 2011, Nurses experiences assessing the spirituality of terminally ill patients in acute clinical practice, International Journal Of Palliative Nursing, 17, 7, pp. 337-343, Consumer Health Complete - EBSCOhost, EBSCOhost, viewed 15 March

Business Organization And Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Organization And Policy - Essay Example This essya stresses that as the implementation is going on, the performance should be measured and evaluated to ensure no deviations from the plan. If there are any deviations, the plans are modified to ensure the right path is taken. Due to continuous changes in the environment SWOT analysis is conducted so as to respond to the changes. This involves analysing the strengths and weaknesses of the organization as well as opportunities available in external environment and potential threats. This leads to the start of the planning process. This paper makes a conclusion that rapidly changing business environment forces organizations to engage in continuous planning process. Analysing the internal and external environment is essential as it enables the organization to change its structures and strategies to enable quick response to the changes. The business planning process enables the firm to set a roadmap to follow by determining the nature of the business, the product offerings, nature of competition, legal requirements and location of the business. Policies are formulated to enable the business to accomplish its objectives hence the overall business mission but control and evaluation is required to ensure activities are going according to the plan. Locating an organization in a concentrated area allows it to enjoy external economies such as; skilled labour, improved distribution channels, services and amenities, specialization, use of by-products, support from larger companies and shared technology.

Western History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Western History - Essay Example In this switch, there was a great deal of social upheaval as people living in these changing times began to question the status quo. Social class structures were beginning to break down as common men were able to make fortunes in industry and landowners found it more and more difficult to keep the idyllic life they’d constructed alive. Women gained greater freedoms as more job opportunities came their way. Although these weren’t the equal rights position of today, women were at least given an option when it was necessary for her to earn a living wage. The great migration from the country to the city was an expression of a people ready for a chance to better their futures, an expression of hope for a greater tomorrow for their children. This period is also characterized by widespread colonization in numerous directions. Englishmen were still relocating to America seeking their fortunes, but also had the option of retaining their English citizenship by going into Africa, India or even Australia. For many, it proved to be just so, for many others, it proved to be their destruction, for men and women. The biggest benefits the Industrial Revolution introduced to society were also the biggest setbacks. Stories existing out of the middle ages are full of epic battles, travels through sparsely populated country, images of vast forests and romantic tales of knights and ladies. This is contrasted sharply against the images of Victorian Industrialization with its smokestacks, grimy streets and poisonous air. Machines began taking on more importance than people as the massive in-pouring of country citizens all seeking their fortunes provided ample replacements for those who could not keep up. Societal norms were breaking down as accountability began declining. This was because younger sons and daughters, as well as those with more disreputable reputations, found a means of escaping their sometimes

Journal writting ( refer to the attachment) Essay - 1

Journal writting ( refer to the attachment) - Essay Example The reason for trying to classify things and people is because we want to simplify things and reduce the task of processing information. Stereotypes are â€Å"beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people† (Myers, 1999 p336) Stereotypes may be positive or negative, accurate or inaccurate (Jussim, McCauley & Lee, 1995). Stereotypes may be classified by their characteristics, appearance, activities, occupations, interests, and goals in their lives. Commenting on gender stereotypes (Iackman and Senter (1981) enumerate that people are stereotyped according to the ethnic background and nationality. For eg. Italians are amorous, British are cool and so on†¦They can also be grouped according to their race. Eg. African Americans can dance or Jews can’t dance. They can be segregated even according to their occupation- for e.g Lecturers are intelligent but absent minded or Accountants are boring. No human is perfect and as such are bound to make errors in judgment. We also hold a lot of biases because we deliberately tend to adjust information to suit these biases. â€Å"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy† is a very famous saying that is 100% true. Both leisure and play are vital to a child’s all round development. Both learning and development takes place only through play and therefore it is inevitable that a child is given time for that. According to the children’s charter of the United Nations – â€Å"The child shall not be admitted to employment before an appropriate age; the child shall in no case be caused or permitted to engage in any occupation or employment which would prejudice their health or education, or interfere with their physical, mental or moral development† (Principle 9) While leisure provides an adult with an opportunity to boost his self esteem and self worth, play provides this platform for children. Play is

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Law - Essay Example critically evaluate the impact of the decision by the House of Lords in White v White1 in relation to division of assets and financial provisions on divorce. In particular, this paper critically reviews the White decision and considers the extent to which the decision has actually culminated in a revolutionary change in the law relating to matrimonial property and financial provision on divorce. Moreover, I shall comparatively analyse the UK legal position with the approach in other jurisdictions where appropriate. From a family law perspective, the issue of rights to the family home have continued to be problematic and decisions in ancillary relief proceedings were addressed by the House of Lords’ decision in White v White2. This decision changed the approach to assessing financial settlements on divorce and introduced the â€Å"yardstick of equality† principle as a means to ensure fairness in the division of assets between divorcing couples. Whilst heralded as a welcome decision in introducing some much needed clarity to the division of assets on divorce3, it has been argued that such an approach is inherently dogmatic in failing to specifically address the division of rights to the family home particularly where children are involved4. Although the reasoning in White v White specified that there was no presumption of equality on divorce, if the court intended to depart drastically from an equal splitting of assets they should have satisfactory justification for doing so. Furthermore, the governing legislative provision in this area of law is the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 (MCA) and section 25 of the MCA provides the court with a very wide discretion of factors to take into account on division of assets, with the welfare of a child being paramount5. As such, it is submitted that the overriding statutory requirement to consider the interests of the child inherently limits the application of White v White to cases where children are not involved as the

Democracy in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Democracy in America - Essay Example If the headlines and pundits are to be believed, the American government is a wreck. The reality of the situation is the American government is alive, well and working much the way it was designed by the gentlemen that crafted it over two hundred years ago. The system of checks and balances keeps any one branch of the government from bullying the other, personal liberties are vigorously defended each day and an amazing amount of services, from safe food to national defense, are provided ceaselessly to the American people. Considering the often touted inefficiencies of our democratic government and the wonderful things that are actually accomplished and achieved each day, it is clear that there are certain aspects of the constitution that could be changed or updated. This is clear when one looks at many of the social issues that face the nation at this time. The changes do not need to be profound, but as in any system, when you make a change to one part of the system, you may see nega tive effects in other parts. As we examine the parts of the out governmental structure, it becomes apparent that our modern society requires some changes to how people are elected to government, how the departments of government works, the relationship of the executive to the other branches of government and even some of the personal liberties enjoyed in the Bill of rights. ... I would increase the length of term for a member of the House of Representatives to four years. As it stands now, most of the House of Representatives spend their time running for re-election and not running the country. Elections every two years are a huge distraction to these members of congress. Running an election is more complicated and expensive than it was when the constitution was established. For this reason, members of the house should have longer terms. The House of Representatives should have 25% of its members being elected each year. This means that some of the members will always be running for office, but it also ensures that there will be constant turnover if people are not pleased with the way the House of Representatives is running the nation. These changes will result in more focused legislators and a more responsive House. The second change that should be made concerns the role of money in the electoral process. The entire process of getting elected now focuses o n having enough money to get your message out, hire staff and run negative advertisements against your opponents. The only donors that can give enough money to really influence a national campaign are the ultra-wealthy and large corporations. The Supreme Court has recently ruled that corporations can make unlimited, anonymous contributions to political parties and individuals though Political Action Committees (Liptak, 2010). This ruling is very dangerous for our democratic process. The Court reasoned that money is the same as speech, as protected in the Bill of Rights. The justices ruled that if the government curtailed the spending of money in the political process, then it would be the same a curtailing

In the United States, many states Essay Example for Free

In the United States, many states Essay The rescue game, a joint social responsibility, must be approached with a lot of tact and undying resilience. With mortality rates on the high and visible evidences of the cause stirring us in the face, we are left with but one question, just one: who is the real killer? The very undeniable frequent recurrence of death through heart disease has been on the high for long stretches of time, which earlier was solely traceable to tobacco. The earlier discovery though incomplete has led the Government of the United States to impose heavy taxes on the tobacco manufacturing companies. Much of the funds realized from such taxes have helped to project billboards and campaigns against tobacco use. However, of late a more devastating killer of mankind was sighted. This, which had stayed so closely to the bosom of humans and even lured many until it became a delight, suddenly brings out its silent pistol carting the lives of many away. Who may have realized how potentially harmful a seeming sumptuous high-fat diet would have turned out? The facts are however showing by the day in alarming numbers of the heart disease even in non-smokers. I hereby use this medium to vigorously alert the Government to the incumbent dangers and threat to life these die hard life stealer have been and therewith request urgently that a bill be passed to levy high-fat fast food producers with heavy tax duties as was with the tobacco, seeing now this high fat foods even kills more and faster than other possible causes of heart failure. Such funds can then be re-channeled to educate the still ignorant many through the use of advance multimedia projections on lighted digital boards, billboard, newspaper and television.

The Impact Of Social Media Media Essay

The Impact Of Social Media Media Essay In the era of everything instant, the perception of living life has dramatically changed. From the perspective that life is to too hard to live, it has now become an adage that life is easy and living it is should be much easier. Thanks to the comfort of modern technology and globalization, people are becoming more interconnected and interdependent. One of the great features of the unprecedented rise of the global cultures is attributed to the revolution of the Internet and social media. Almost everything has become so easy and so instant. Currently, the worlds by which define our reality have been changed by social media. We can do anything and everything through a globally wired network that enables instant communication. Socialnomics is the value created and shared via social media and its efficient influence on outcomes (Qualman 2010, p. xxi). Moreover, socialnomics is a revolution driven by people and enabled by the social media. A case in point is the most popular social networking site called Facebook. According to a blog in Birds Eye Media (2010), Facebook recently celebrated its six-year online presence. Its growing presence has enabled people to communicate more freely and have access to news and important updates. Information exchange occurs within and among the people we interact with in this new media platform. It provides the opportunity to reconnect with friends and loved ones. Social media works like a digital word-of-mouth where information dissemination is just a click away. In this age of globalization, social media networking has significantly altered the way we view realities and handle our relationships with other people. The Impact of Social Media Social media affects the way we write and speak the written word (Sherman 2010). Sherman noted that writing is more concise because the presence of a limited character spaces in Facebook and Twitter. People are challenged to convey their message to friends and the world within a 140 character limit. The task of writing something in a shorter and concise manner in Facebook as well as in SMS has changed how we communicate using different spellings and abbreviations (Sherman 2010). In another website article, Laurie (2010) cited six aspects in which social media has arguably made permanent effects on the lives of the people and the manner in which it is lived. The first aspect is child literacy. Children of today are more literate than in previous years, according to a survey made by The National Literacy Trust where over 3000 children were included. It was observed that a correlation existed between childrens engagement in social media and literacy. Today, even school-age children have active Facebook profiles. This has become a major turning point as users of social networking media vary from the very old to the very young. Social networking has enabled easy access for children in searching for answers on educational or social questions and in sharing what they know by posting links and videos gathered from the Web. Secondly, social networking has led to ambient intimacy since it allows people to be in touch with loved ones with a different level of regularit y which people would not normally have access to. Communication has become so ambient that we can use it wherever we want it. Facebook culture paved the way for the development of new levels of behaviors in relationship in general. Moreover, relationship statuses can be instantly changed and somehow be regarded that relationships can be had easily. It also becomes a venue for groups and various advocacies to form a niche and have their own chatroom and discussion board. In this manner, information is spread like a viral infection. Another aspect of change impacted by social media is the evident accessibility of knowledge (Laurie, 2010). The quote knowledge is power applies greatly in this Information age. The way information is produced and shared has changed with the advent of the Internet. Instant information can be viewed from popular search engines and knowledge in this manner has become a collaborative effort. The same thing with the advancement in the literacy level of children, anyone can be as knowledgeable as the person speaking in front of a lecture. Our own desire for knowledge is there and we can only ask ourselves if we want it (Laurie 2010). Social media has also reinvented politics (Laurie 2010). Accordingly, younger people are encouraged to be actively participating in matters of politics. Obamas successful election was helped by the proliferation of advocate groups created in support of his candidacy. Different countries used the networking culture to share their political ideologies via Facebook. Fan pages where created where the number of likes is akin to the number of hits in YouTube. This also enables the exchange of dialogues between politicians and the common citizen. Someone can just post a comment and share his sentiment over a wall in a Facebook page and this could be read by all. All these are just signs of the influence of social media in politics and it is not surprisingly increasing from users all over the world. Marketing in the age of Facebook has greatly contributed to the immense popularity of products advertised on it. Businesses now are compelled to engage in social media for marketing and advertisement because the economic potential of social media increases marketability in an easier and cheaper manner (Qualman 2010). Subscriptions to costly newspapers are not relevant when consumers are pushed to a timelier and free service in the net done at the comfort of your home or in the exact point where you are. Marketing and advertising is transforming itself from an industry reliant on mass market channels to one which must embrace the power of the consumer and attempt to engage in conversations (Has Social Media Changed Us 2010). While advertising is not a dying industry, is has changed dramatically in its platform and in that consumers now have the power. The last areas in which Laurie (2010) addressed on the effect of social media is the usage of the news as a cultural currency. Consumers are viewed as active participants of the network created. News can be gathered and can be passed around people within the network. Facebook is a perfect example of this tool as it is our tendency to connect first with our loved one and the people we encounter on a daily basis. Faster than the speed of light, gossip can be spread easily, status updates can be a source of a heated online argument where everyone on the network can track and read the long thread of dialogue. With all these, we have become more sociable, and somehow it is making us an epitome of social (Laurie 2010). Greene (2010) stated that social media has changed the lives of people in three ways. The idea of traditional media being replaced by social media makes it a biased look on how this revolution changed lives. Older people need not be scared of these new social media as the assimilation of both can be done without hints of failure because this is the direction our world is heading (Greene 2010). Moreover, the possibility of making friends around the world other than your workplace opens up your horizons to a better understanding of how to live in the 21st century. That is what Facebook does. Making friends and socializing becomes much easier compared to outside of the networking world. Some may be apprehensive but others are learning the ways and means on becoming more socially active and visible. Engaging social media encourages conversations and exchanges of ideas. A timid person who is afraid to say his opinions can now share his side without the fear of talking to someone in person al way. The efficiency of work and the level of productivity has also increased with the use of social media (Greene 2010). Cohen and Feld (2011) stated that social media has made business world more collaborative, fun and dynamic for everyone. But a level of inclusivity is on the rise in the exclusive world of networking (Greene 2010). The last important area which Greene (2010) tackled was the death of privacy. Today, 92 percent of two-year olds have an online record in the United States. Everything in life can be archived as the years pass. The issue of privacy is a matter that was taken seriously by Facebook administration as well as other popular networking sites. It is an advantage to take a look at the disclaimers popping out when creating an online account as this could cost someones private life. Privacy settings can be changed and the level of privacy in Facebook can be customized according to your restrictions. Even reporting abuse and fraud is incorporated in the interface of the networking sites so that people can block and delete hasty, violent and abusive language. As quoted from Brian Solis, we are entering an era of publicness or publicy, where are solely responsible for creating and defining our online persona (Greene 2010). Casciato (2010) believes that social media has changed the way social discourse is made between and among individuals. Conversations on the Internet are mediated and are available in real time. Social media allows one to make status updates, tweets, and blogs and text messages, without worrying about traditional social conventions such as dress. Conversations initiated over Facebook allows one to interact with another person from another part of the globe even in ones underwear. Social labels have also been change because of social media. In the past, people who are glued to computers for more than the 8 hour a day requirement for jobs are either labeled as geeks or nerds. Nowadays, being cool is being equated to how much time you spend on Facebook and how updated you are in posting status, pictures, or links. Moreover, the dynamics in Facebook can be considered narcissistic because speaking in the third person while updating what you are doing, feeling, or thinking is like staging o nes own reality show (Casciato 2010). Social media networking has also changed the way personal relationships are handled. Casciato (2010) stated that breaking up in the digital age has become unbelievably messy. The dilemma of removing someone from the network friends list, untagging someone from a post in order to separate ones identity from a past love would create a heavy burden of distinguishing reality from the virtual world. Social media has also made an impact on workers productivity. Procrastination in the workplace has become efficient ever since social media networking sites became popular (Casciato, 2010). The first thing that occupies the mind at work is to check and update ones status in Facebook. Meanwhile, features have a tendency to distract, whether it is a chatbox that pops up and engages you in a conversation or a red notification flag which appears to tell you that somebody posted on your wall. The cycle eventually goes on with hours of productivity lost in the process (Casciato 2010). Conclusion Social media or the so-called Facebook effect has changed how we socialize, gather information, and work in many ways. Communication, literacy, business and marketing, relationships, politics and culture are the key areas noted to have been greatly affected by this vast and growing social media hype. It has become a company that has changed social life in the United States and around the world (Kirkpatrick 2010). It has been visible and powerful in shaping how we look at the world. While it has its numerous benefits, social media should be used responsibly without disregarding the basic principles of ethical conduct.

Cognizable And Non Cognizable Offences Law Essay

Cognizable And Non Cognizable Offences Law Essay Cognizable offences have been defined under Section 2 (c) of the Criminal Procedure Code as follows; cognizable offence means an offence for which, and cognizable case means a case in which, a police officer may, in accordance with the First Schedule or under any other law for the time being in force, arrest without warrant. A non-cognizable offence has been defined under Section 2 (l) of the Criminal Procedure Code as follows, non-cognizable offence means an offence for which, and non-cognizable case means a case in which, a police officer has no authority to arrest without warrant. Now which offence falls under the category of cognizable offences and which falls under the category of non-cognizable offences can be determined as per the classification given in the First Schedule of the Criminal Procedure Code. The First Schedule has classified all acts punishable under the Indian Penal Code, 1860 into Cognizable and non-cognizable offences. Although the Code in itself does not give any reasoning as to this classification, certain patterns can be traced if the First schedule is studied carefully. All offences which have a punishment of more than 3 years under the Indian Penal Code are considered to be cognizable offences and all offences which have a punishment of less than 3 years are non-cognizable offences. Subsequently, it can be deduced that non-cognizable offences are relatively less serious in nature than cognizable offences. Consequently, in case of cognizable offences, the police officers can arrest the accused person without any warrant or authority issued by a magistrate. They can initiate investigation on their own accord and they neednt wait for the prior permission of a magistrate. In fact, they have a legal duty to initiate investigations. This duty has been endowed upon them by Section 156(1) of the Criminal Procedure code which reads; Any officer in charge of a police station may, without the order of a Magistrate, investigate any cognizable case which a Court having jurisdiction over the local area within the limits of such station would have power to inquire into or try under the provisions of Chapter XIII. Section 156 (2) further reads, No proceeding of a police officer in any such case shall at any stage be called in question on the ground that the case was one which such officer was not empowered under this section to investigate. On the other hand, police officers necessarily need prior permission of a magistrate to initiate investigations in cases of non-cognizable offences. Non cognizable offences are considered more in the nature of private wrongs and therefore the collection of evidence and the prosecution of offender are left to the initiative and efforts of private citizens. Bailable and Non-bailable offences Section 2 (a) of the Criminal Procedure Code defines bailable and non-bailable offences as an offence which is shown as bailable in the First Schedule, or which is made bailable by any other law for the time being in force; and non-bailable offence means any other offence In here too, the code does not give any reason as to on what criteria has such classification been based upon. It just lays down a seemingly arbitrary classification of the same. However, it can be logically deduced that all serious offences are non-bailable whereas all less serious offences are bailable. Similarly, all offences which have a punishment of more than 3 years under the Indian Penal Code are considered to be non-bailable offences and all offences which have a punishment of less than 3 years are bailable offences. This too is subject to the exception of existence of a contrary law. If a person accused of a bailable offence is arrested or detained without warrant he has a right to be released on bail. In case he is accused of a non-bailable offence, then his bail is subject to the discretion by the authorities. Warrant case and Summons Case According to Section 2 (x) of the Criminal Procedure Code, a warrant-case means a case relating to an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term exceeding two years. According to Section 2 (w) of the Criminal Procedure Code, a summons case means a case relating to an offence, not being a warrant case. This classification helps to determine the type of trial procedure to be adopted in the case. Naturally, the trial procedure in case of a warrant case is much more elaborate than that of a summons case. This classification is also useful at the stage of issuing process to the accused person in the first instance. CHAPTER II NEED FOR RECLASSIFICATION OF OFFENCES The current classification of offences has been a major cause for the high incidence of arbitrary and unnecessary arrest in our country. The scheme of classification is outdated and redundant. There is a serious need for revaluation for the classification between cognizable and non-cognizable and bailable and non-bailable offences. The nature and quantum of punishment attached to these offences also needs to be revaluated. It is not that the idea for reclassification has never come up before, but given the present situation of our judicial system, it becomes all the more relevant that it be done now. For instance, many minor offences against property are still classified as non-bailable, whereas it is evident that classifying them as compoundable offences and relying on methods such as plea-bargaining may be more effective and agreeable to address the injury caused by the same  [1]  . Also, it has been noted that the major portion of the backlog cases in the courts consists of regulatory offences such as dishonour of cheques, traffic violations, etc. Now, these acts were made offences under special laws whereby the legislature had felt that in lieu of public policy, these acts were better off classified as criminal even though they are more akin to civil wrongs. However, the fact that they will create a maximum backlog was envisaged by neither party. Hence, there is a need for an informed study and revaluation of criminal laws. It has been suggested that the offences be classified into a) The Social Welfare Code, b) The Correctional Code, c) The Criminal code and d) the Economic and other offences code. This approach of classifying the offences as per their nature is considered to be far more useful than a blanket categorization of offences. This re-classification is proposed to be done on the basis of the gravity of the offences, appropriate procedures for investigation and dispute-resolution as well as the proportionate nature and quantum of fines and punishments. CHAPTER III RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE MALIMATH COMMITTEE Considering the need for reclassification of offences, the Malimath committee gave the following recommendations for the same. Its primary recommendation was to remove the distinction between cognizable and non-cognizable offences and make it obligatory on the Police to investigate all offences in respect of which a complaint is made. However, this is not a very practical option as it will lead to a further backlog of cases and will increase the burden on the police. Section 262 of the Criminal Procedure Code provides for the procedure for summary trials, Section 263 provides for the record in summary trials and Section 264 provides for judgement in cases tried summarily. The Malimath committee recommended increasing the number of cases falling within the category of cases trialable by following the summary procedure presented by Sections 262 to 264. It also recommended increasing the number of offences that fall under the category of Petty Offences which can be dealt with by following the procedure prescribed by Section 206 of the Code. Section 206 reads If, in the opinion of a Magistrate taking cognizance of a petty offence, the case may be summarily disposed of under section 260, the Magistrate shall, except where he is, for reasons to be recorded in writing of a contrary opinion, issue summons to the accused requiring him either to appear in person or by pleader before the Magistrate on a specified date, or if he desires to plead guilty to the charge without appearing before the Magistrate, to transmit before the specified date, by post or by messenger to the Magistrate, the said plea in writing and the amount of fine specified in the summons or if he desires to appear by pleader and to plead guilty to the charge through such pleader, to authorise, in writing, the pleader to plead guilty to the charge on his behalf and to pay the fine through such pleader: Provided that the amount of the fine specified in such summons shall not exceed one hundred rupees. (2)   For the purposes of this section, petty offence means any offence punishable only with fine not exceeding one thousand rupees, but does not include any offence so punishable under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939, (4 of 1939) or under any other law which provides for convicting the accused person in his absence on a plea of guilty. It advocated increasing the number of offences, for which an arrest neednt be made and increasing the number of offences where arrest can be made only with the order of the court and reducing the number of cases where arrest can be made without an order or warrant form the Magistrate. The Malimath committee further recommended increasing the number of offences which are bailable and reducing the number of offences which are not bailable. A compoundable offence is one in which the trial court can compound the offence and dispose the case without trial. A non-compoundable offence is an offence in which the court cannot compound the case without trial. A compoundable offence is always a lesser degree offence punishable with a shorter jail term or fine. The Malimath Committee recommended increasing the number of offences that can be brought within the category of compoundable offences, to encourage settlements without trials. CONCLUSION

Impact of Digital Marketing on Food Service Industry Essay -- Digital

Statement of the Problem In the contemporary world, every type of business is going digital. Manufacturers, retail stores, and restaurants, to name just a few, are realizing unimaginable profit margins due to incorporating modern technology in their marketing strategies. Entrance of digital media and real-time marketing into the scene has resulted in a significant improvement in the traditional ways of marketing and carrying out business. Dissemination of information and media has been highly revolutionized. However, there is limited research related to real-time marketing especially as it concerns the service industry. Digital media have proved to be very efficient in their degree of reliability and fast data transmission. This has led to a major boosts in the connectivity and communication of restaurant businesses with their customers. In restaurants, there exists a very close relationship between the attendants and the customer. With such attributive aspect, good customer-producer relations can be built comprehensively through digital media. This study will help justify the past research work and will also seek to unravel the mystery of the impact of technological marketing approaches on the discovery and progress of food and restaurant services enterprises. Background The internet is the biggest digital networking tool. The internet offers a number of platforms for digital marketing. Many electronic communication tools offer access to the internet. Personal computers, mobile phones, smart phones, tablets, and various other electronic products offer access to the internet. Over the internet, platforms such as websites, emails, applications (classic and mobile) and social networks are essential for marketing (Hutley,... ... of current research (Belch & Belch, 2001). References Ashcroft, L., and Hoey, C. (January 15, 2001). PR, marketing and the Internet: implications for information professionals. Library Management, 22, 68-74. Belch, G. E., & Belch, M. A. (2001). Advertising and promotion: An integrated marketing communications perspective. Boston, Mass: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Hutley R. (2009). Social Networking as a Business Tool. Cisco Internet Business Solutions Joint Research Center Technical Reports (2008). Social Computing: Study on Use and Impact of Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. (2005). Principles of marketing. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Tamburrini, G. and Zhang, W (2014) Entrepreneurship in Time of Crisis: The Outsourcing of Services through Franchise Arrangements in the Italian Food Service Industry. Journal of Food service Business Research, 17(1), 28-47.

Lead Poisoning :: Journalistic Essays

Lead Poisoning Lead has the atomic symbol of Pb (for plumbum, lead in Latin). The atomic number for lead is 82 and the atomic mass is 207.19 AMU. It melts at about 327.502 Â °C and boils at 1740 Â °C. Lead is a heavy, ductile, soft, gray solid. It is soluble in nitric acid and insoluble in water. It is found in North, Central and South America, Australia, Africa and Europe (Heiserman 686). "It generally occurs in nature in the form of ores and was recovered in early times as a by-product in the smelting of silver. Once lead is mined, processed and introduced into man's environment, it is a potential problem forever." Lead has been mined, smelted and compounded for thousands of years. It even has been found in the Egyptian tombs. Its versatility, as well as its physical and chemical properties, accounted for its extensive use. Lead can be rolled into sheets which can be made into rods and pipes. It can also be molded into containers and mixed with other metallic elements. Mini blinds are a prime source of lead poisoning. The greatest risk of injury from lead poisoning is to children under the age of seven. The kinds of injuries lead poisoning can cause are learning disabilities, brain damage, organ failure, death and many more. Studies have shown that lead poisoned children are more likely to drop out of high school and to live a life of unemployment. HUD estimates that 75% of the houses built in the United States before 1978 contain some lead-based paint. It is universally accepted that the most common cause of lead poisoning in children is deteriorated (chipping and peeling) lead-based paint on the exterior and interior of houses. Lead poisoning doesn't only occur in children, but adults too. Adults can get it from leaded soldering fumes, lead tainted soil or heroin. It takes more lead to poison adults than children because an adult's body has formed and is prepared for such things unlike children who are still growing. Some common symptoms of lead poisoning in adults are fatigue, depression, heart failure and high blood pressure. There are myths about lead that many people believe are true.

The Victorian Villain Goes A Governessing English Literature Essay

‘O scoundrel, scoundrel, smiling, damned scoundrel! ‘ I v 106 crossroads. Iago, Lovelace, Willoughby, Dracula, Lecter, Lestat, Voldemort, the intrigues of these and countless other literary scoundrels are frequently queerly absorbing and tempting. Indeed, throughout literature, the image of the scoundrel frequently proves to be the far more interesting character than the victim of their villainousness or the text ‘s hero. For many, the Victorian scoundrel is synonymous with the propertyless male as epitomised by Dickensian originals, for illustration the beastly Bill Sikes or the corruptor of artlessness, the predatory Fagin in Oliver Twist ( 1838 ) .[ 1 ]However, the coming of the esthesis novel during the 1860s heralded a new coevals of scoundrels, a coevals that sent both shockwaves and bangs through the literary universe and its readership. Initially, in what is considered the kick offing novel of the genre, The Woman in White ( 1860 ) ,[ 2 ]villainousness conti nues to be a masculine state as seen in the plants of Dickens, with the word picture of the puzzling Count Fosco, who with his ‘rod of Fe ‘ and chemical science set is arguably one of the most ill-famed scoundrels of the genre.[ 3 ]However, the esthesis novel apparently equates the scoundrel non with the propertyless male or the Gothic blue blood of old genres but with a new original of villainy – the villainess. This gendering of villainousness has led critics such as Hughes to observe that, ‘In the esthesis novel of the Lady Audley tradition, the heroine ‘s rightful topographic point is usurped wholly by the villainess, the golden-haired imposter who masquerades as a conventional married woman while plotting slaying on the side. ‘[ 4 ]Gone are the eighteenth-century portraitures of the innately virtuous heroine, such as Richardson ‘s Pamela and Clarissa, who emphasise the incorruptibility of the heroine as she battles to protect her repute and female pureness, or the early nineteenth-century ‘s word pictures of the reformed flirt who finally conforms as epitomised by Austen ‘s Emma Woodhouse.[ 5 ]In their topographic point stood the extramarital, bigamous, frequently homicidal, angel of the fireplace turned devil in the pretense of the respectable married woman, female parent or governess. This new strain of anti-heroines As Showalter argues, ‘ [ esthesis fiction ] conveys the menace of new phantasies, new outlooks, and even female rebellion ‘[ 6 ], This challenge to the conventional function of adult females ‘silly novels by lady novelists ‘ angel turned demon Mary Elizabeth Braddon ‘s Lady Audley ‘s Secret ( 1862 )[ 7 ] the incorruptibility of the heroine, the angel of the fireplace, is replaced The transmutation of the angel of the fireplace into the scheming devil The outgrowth of the esthesis novel in the 1860s marked the reaching of a new coevals of female supporters. The beatific married womans and girls of old genres were replaced by intriguing bigamists, manque murderesses and unreliable fornicatresss, who were prepared to utilize whatever agencies necessary, including their gender, to accomplish their intent. The transmutation of the scoundrel from the typical low-class male of old literary genres ( epitomised by Dickens ) to the apparently guiltless angel of the fireplace at the same time shocked and thrilled Victorian readers and critics likewise. The suggestion that a adult female would utilize her gender in order to perpetrate offenses such as bigamy and fraud, that she would get married strictly for her ain personal ( normally fiscal ) addition, and non out of love, outraged the moralists of the clip and captivated every category of reader. Numerous critics campaigned against the word picture of characters such as Braddon ‘s L ady Audley ( Lady Audley ‘s Secret ) and Collins ‘ Lydia Gwilt ( Armadale ) , protesting that esthesis novels were ‘debasing to everyone concerned ‘ ( Oliphant, 1867, in Pykett, 1992: 48 ) and a ‘morbid phenomenon of literature – indicants of a widespread corruptness, of which Married Woman ‘s Property Act divorce 1857 Victorian heroine conjures up images of Ambition, self-assertion and the desire for power and freedom of pick are character traits frequently used by novelists to heighten and progress the position of the male supporter. In a female supporter they are counter qualities which label her an aberrance to her sex. Ill-famed villainess by far the most interesting character – the villainess. The low-class male of old literary genres The esthesis novelists offered readers a new sort of scoundrel – the villainess. Aberrant muliebrity. the map of a heroine to function as an object of designation Adeline Sergeant suggests another ground for the popularity of such characters – a rebellion against the ‘inane and impossible goodness ‘ of old literary heroines ( Sergeant, in Mitchell, 1981: 74 ) . There can be no possible uncertainty that the evil of adult male is less catastrophic, less black to the universe in general, than the evil of adult female. That is the flood tide of all bad lucks of the race. Whughes 135 Margaret oliphant Outraged Victorian esthesias Mary Elizabeth Braddon synonymous with the creative activity of a new type of female supporter the angel turned devil. Patrilineal heritage offspring Gaskell Ruth Richardson ‘s Clarissa Wollstonecraft Maria The governess liminal figure equivocal place tabula rasa Ambition, self-assertion and the desire for power and freedom of pick are character traits frequently used by novelists to heighten and progress the position of the male supporter. In a female supporter they are counter qualities. Inversion of the melodramatic stereotype of heroine Showalter puerperal passion 71malady The outgrowth of the esthesis novel in the 1860s marked the reaching of a new coevals of female supporters. The beatific married womans and girls of old genres were replaced by intriguing bigamists, manque murderesses and unreliable fornicatresss, who were prepared to utilize whatever agencies necessary, including their gender, to accomplish their intent. The transmutation of the scoundrel from the typical low-class male of old literary genres ( epitomised by Dickens ) to the apparently guiltless angel of the fireplace at the same time shocked and thrilled Victorian readers and critics likewise. The suggestion that a adult female would utilize her gender in order to perpetrate offenses such as bigamy and fraud, that she would get married strictly for her ain personal ( normally fiscal ) addition, and non out of love, outraged the moralists of the clip and captivated every category of reader. Numerous critics campaigned against the word picture of characters such as Braddon ‘s L ady Audley ( Lady Audley ‘s Secret ) and Collins ‘ Lydia Gwilt ( Armadale ) , protesting that esthesis novels were ‘debasing to everyone concerned ‘ ( Oliphant, 1867, in Pykett, 1992: 48 ) and a ‘morbid phenomenon of literature – indicants of a widespread corruptness, of which they are in portion both the consequence and the cause ‘ ( Mansel, 1863, in Pykett, 1992: 51 ) . ‘the adventuress marries without love and hence submits to arouse without love. Even though the entry takes topographic point within matrimony, the adventuress is frequently shown to be evil because of her sexual willingness. ‘ ( Mitchell, 1981: 76 ) . Sabotaging traditional household values La extreme of female rebellion The villainess makes the out tangible Hughes remarks on the outgrowth of this new literary phenomenon by stating that, The supporter ‘no longer runs off from the manque bigamist ; she is more likely to dabble in a small bigamy of her ain. ‘ ( Hughes, 1980: 9 ) . The madwoman in the Attic had been transformed, from ‘a discolouredaˆÂ ¦ . barbarian face [ with ] aˆÂ ¦.red eyes and the fearful blackened rising prices of the qualities. ‘ ( Bronte, C. , 1847: 317 ) into a demure and attractive Siren, whose ‘fair face shone like a sunray. ‘ ( LAS, 7 ) and who was, by all outward visual aspects, the perfect married woman. Titillation of female villainousness Outside bounds of society villainess made by society In Shakespeare the hero was baronial and remote. Voice and ordain our deepest desires, feelings, ideas. Villain can resemble the hero Lady Audley reveals the paradox that it is the female ‘s aberrant behavior that renders her other, but one time she is ‘othered ‘ her behavior becomes more utmost. Use governess ambivalent place used to analyze adult female ‘s place Disreputable yesteryear Wealth position and repute of course follows barchester histories mr moffatt Encapsulates everything that work forces are most afraid of female gender Morality narrative Unacknowledged desires Lydia female volatility lady Audley female surveillance sensing Victorian readers least resemble scoundrels non like us but surprisingly they teach us about ourselves. As Pam Morris argues, ‘women map as the other which allows work forces to build a positive self-identity as masculine. ‘[ 8 ] Ultimate misdemeanor Schemer with ability to pull strings her victims Does n't repent actions but non crave for an unchecked immorality Lydia ‘s aspiration gathers momentum at that place becomes a unsighted urgency to accomplish her desire to go Mrs Allan Armadale Villain becomes an improbable figure one that ab initio looks and acts like the archetypical angel. This is non to state that esthesis novelists are undertaking evil forces on the page Witness the growing of immorality in one of patriarchate ‘s most powerful images of pureness womankind perverting influence on kids. Not descent into lawlessness or debasement Recognizable new degree of complexness Governess the Respectable face of villainy the governess Disturbing is the Ordinariness of these adult females ‘s state of affairss makes their actions flooring to Victorian reader. A recognizable individual one that they may use in their places. Relative employed as governess. She ‘s non different to us non recognizable as scoundrel. Close propinquity of villainousness. Disparity in their lucks ‘it ‘s a deal. '11 Abandoned kid but principled she works so marries to supply for him.see gilbertdiseasedesire104 Governess ‘s place site of struggle ‘It is non until her individuality hat she becomes a true scoundrel. ‘ Deseasedesire102 Miss Morley ‘pale governess ‘ features that are identifiable as those of 100s of governesses and females. Fifteen old ages of ‘a governess of five-and-thirty old ages of age traveling place to get married a adult male to whom she had been engaged 15 old ages ‘ p.13 ‘a monster nugget turned up under my spade, and I came upon a gilded sedimentation of some magnitude. A fortnight afterwards I was the richest adult male in all the small settlement about me. I travelled post-haste to Sydney, realised my gold findings which were deserving upwards of ?20,000'p.22 What turns Lucy from the ‘doll like ‘ married woman into the villainess is a turn of fate return of hubby Robert ‘s grim chase for George ‘s whereabouts quest to detect her true individuality. Latent lunacy inherited from female parent. Doubly abject female parent Lydia predatory looking for chances to progress her societal position. Power enviousness treachery fright choler desire Femme fatale Life has pushed Lydia Lucy to villainy Writers such as set their narrations in foreign climates or in a landscape of phantasy and fable the scoundrel ‘s actions can non impact civilized society no menace but the power of the esthesis set their narrations in recognizable topographic points and state of affairss. Reader recoils from Lydia but what ‘s she traveling to make next. Lydia ‘s self-destruction the dramatic release from her societal place she has craved. Detailed psychological make-up Fictional scoundrel normally gets his deserts or meets a bloody terminal Jean societal ‘misfit ‘ but we can understand her predicament. Isabel sympathise with her actions apprehensible. The power of Lydia ‘s character is to propose that adult females are ambidextrous, untrusty. Ill-famed villainess by far the most interesting character profligate Robert Lovelace CLarissa Samuel Richardson, Fagin non lovable knave corrupted the artlessness of kids condemnable marauder. Fosco cosmopolite appeal, unusual powers, out believing outsmart investigators, sophisticated, relishes his power, Marian worthy advisory, possibility he will be master, new sort scoundrel reflects scientific thought of clip, unbelieving godless creates his ain moral model, wiw twelvemonth after beginning species, tickle pinking yet terrorizing character. Trained chemist sinister sense events narcotics Imbues work forces with great passion Juggling No redeeming characteristics Without self-doubt, self-questioning, self-despair believes their societal place offers some signifier of exoneration for their actions. Catalyst to events ‘ I do non state that Robert Audley was a coward, but I will acknowledge that a tremble of horror, something kindred to fear, chilled him to the bosom, as he remembered the atrocious things that have been done by adult females, since that twenty-four hours upon which Eve was created to be Adam ‘s comrade and help-meet in the garden of Eden. What if this adult female ‘s beastly power of deception should be stronger than the truth, and oppress him? She had non spared George Talboys when he had stood in her manner, and menaced her with a certain hazard ; would she save him who threatened her with a far greater danger? Are adult females merciful, or loving, or sort in proportion to their beauty and their grace? 273-4 La ‘the female wrongdoer is the venue of horror, the site where the incomprehensible panics of domesticity can be explained and surmounted. '36 Hart Lady Audley putting to deaths premeditated in order to prolong her socially and financially unafraid function of married woman place she has attained via misrepresentation. Gilbert ‘Lady Audley ‘s narrative shows that adult females are most evil when they conform to societal outlooks. ‘ Disease desire 96 sarcasm society labels adult females as adventuress, vill adult females who attract the male regard ‘I did retrieve this ; and it was, possibly, this that made me selfish and heartless ; for I suppose I am heartless. As I grew older I was told that I was reasonably — beautiful — lovely-bewitching. I heard all these things at first indifferently ; but by-and-by I listened to them avariciously, and began to believe that in malice of the secret of my life I might be more successful in the universe ‘s great lottery than my comrades. I had learnt that which in some indefinite mode or other every schoolgirl learns sooner or subsequently — I learned that my ultimate destiny in life depended upon my matrimony, and I concluded that if I was so prettier than my schoolmates, I ought to get married better than any of them. ‘350 Braddon suggests that adult females ‘s future individuality founded on the necessity to procure a good matrimony. Marriage based on the demand for societal and economic security, adult females ‘s fright of poorness, non on love. Phoebe marries out of fright afraid Luke will be ‘violent and vindictive ‘ ( p.107 ) if she is non submissive and compliant to his demands. Female individuality fluid Robert self-fulfillment romantic hero sub-plot masculinastion Faulkes – Writer ‘s confederate thrusts narrative, readers see events unfold, gives us familiarity with scoundrel, sometimes hard non to take his side Dynamic qualities make them appealing. Suspicious of sudden displacement in category mobility. Free herself from societal limitation. Social order must stay stable. Love makes Lydia refocus her hatred and vindictive nature. Redemption by decease delegating. A character so flawed anti-heroine La wholly focused on her ain societal demands egoistic appears to hold no feelings whatsoever. Ideal heroine person like Florence dombey 1848 of this novel to bind in with 1860s lizzie Hexam our mutal friend 1864 possibly self-denying motherly caring epitome angel. Everything La is non. Abandons kid. Success means money and security no room for love. 298Fatal necessities of privacy†¦ how complete an actress my lady had been made by the atrocious necessity of life. Jean letters reveal her motive, pigment in her function of victim. Jean arising against function of victim, relics of one time honorable nature. Greatest humor aspiration. Divorcee far more insurgent than bigamist. Bad adult females but still fulfil function of hero admire her for her sense of intent victimised position. Austere ‘passionate, amply sexual femme fatale, who has a cryptic yesteryear, an electrifying nowadays, and a vindictive future'xv presentation. Lydia rational self-aware Robert Audley needs Gerald Coventry Allan Armadales need the figure of the governess in order to happen themselves. The governess didactic map does non halt at the direction cosmetic achievements, French. Their behavior is doubtless indocile but to ask rightful topographic point in the patriarchal order. Fetterley argues that Jean Muir ‘s narrative ‘articulates a extremist review of the cultural concepts of â€Å" muliebrity † and â€Å" small muliebrity, † exposing them as functions that adult females must play, masks they must set on in order to last. Therefore, Jean must play the function of the inactive and submissive beauty, but with the computation of a marauder, in order to achieve the wealth and position she urgently desires. ‘[ 9 ]This is undeniably accurate, and Jean ‘s letters to her co-conspirator, Hortense, reveal that she calculates her every move with the ‘cunning of a marauder. ‘ As Jean embarks on her new life as Lady Coventry the combustion of her letters is the symbolic rejection of her past life but the successful devastation of the ‘cunning marauder ‘s ‘ past life besides symbolises triumph and farther authorization of the indocile female. In decision, the villainess in esthesis fiction the heroine can be said is portrayed as more person than Godhead, a flesh and blood. The Victorian Villain Goes A-Governessing In Shakespeare the hero was baronial and remote. La victim merely every bit much as villainess abandoned. Few options workhouse the streets or governessing. Madness convenient fiction see Juliet toilet gumshoe vil googbk Appearance inversion of countenance. Suspicious of sudden displacement in category moility. Free herself from societal limitation. Social order must stay stable. Love makes Lydia refocus her hatred and vindictive nature. Redemption by decease delegating. A character so flawed anti-heroine La wholly focused on her ain societal demands egoistic appears to hold no feelings whatsoever. Ideal heroine person like Florence dombey 1848 of this novel to bind in with 1860s lizzie Hexam our mutal friend 1864 possibly self-denying motherly caring epitome angel. Everything La is non. Abandons kid. Success means money and security no room for love. 298Fatal necessities of privacy†¦ how complete an actress my lady had been made by the atrocious necessity of life. Jean letters reveal her motive, pigment in her function of victim. Jean arising against function of victim, relics of one time honorable nature. Greatest humor aspiration. Divorcee far more insurgent than bigamist. Heroines more mortal than Godhead. Bad adult females but still fulfil function of hero admire her for her sense of intent victimised position. Austere ‘passionate, amply sexual femme fatale, who has a cryptic yesteryear, an electrifying nowadays, and a vindictive future'xv presentation. Lydia ‘you know the evil I have committed ‘ Juliet toilet ‘Lydia Gwilt underestimates her ain capacity for humane and generous feeling, eventually doing the ultimate selflessness by puting down her ain life. Her self-destruction is non merely prompted by love, nevertheless, it is besides the consequence of intense wretchedness and self-loathing. ‘ 207. Lydia emotional has ever been control of her actions suicide ultimate signifier of control as she evades penalty for her disgraceful workss. In this analysis, the societal and political alterations that Kilroy identifies as a beginning of anxiousness and fear-married adult females ‘s belongings rights and civil divorce, for example-are liberating, although the Schroeders note Thursday female characters such as Clara Talboys Muse and inspiration interesting stance, the ‘pale governess ‘ 15 old ages pittance return to be married The Victorian Villain Goes A-Governessing In Shakespeare the hero was baronial and remote. La victim merely every bit much as villainess abandoned. Few options workhouse the streets or governessing. Madness convenient fiction see Juliet toilet gumshoe vil googbk Appearance inversion of countenance. Suspicious of sudden displacement in category moility. Free herself from societal limitation. Social order must stay stable. Love makes Lydia refocus her hatred and vindictive nature. Redemption by decease delegating. A character so flawed anti-heroine La wholly focused on her ain societal demands egoistic appears to hold no feelings whatsoever. Ideal heroine person like Florence dombey 1848 of this novel to bind in with 1860s lizzie Hexam our mutal friend 1864 possibly self-denying motherly caring epitome angel. Everything La is non. Abandons kid. Success means money and security no room for love. 298Fatal necessities of privacy†¦ how complete an actress my lady had been made by the atrocious necessity of life. Jean letters reveal her motive, pigment in her function of victim. Jean arising against function of victim, relics of one time honorable nature. Greatest humor aspiration. Divorcee far more insurgent than bigamist. Heroines more mortal than Godhead. Bad adult females but still fulfil function of hero admire her for her sense of intent victimised position. Austere ‘passionate, amply sexual femme fatale, who has a cryptic yesteryear, an electrifying nowadays, and a vindictive future'xv presentation. Lydia ‘you know the evil I have committed ‘ Juliet toilet ‘Lydia Gwilt underestimates her ain capacity for humane and generous feeling, eventually doing the ultimate selflessness by puting down her ain life. Her self-destruction is non merely prompted by love, nevertheless, it is besides the consequence of intense wretchedness and self-loathing. ‘ 207. Lydia emotional has ever been control of her actions suicide ultimate signifier of control as she evades penalty for her disgraceful workss.